Chapter 12 all sections

SECTION 1-

1. What is a basic difference between the Andes and the other highland regions of South America?
   Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

2. What are South America's three largest rivers, and what areas do they drain?
   The Amazon, Orinoco, and Paraná. They drain the eastern part of the continent.

3. Look at the chapter map. To what physical conditions would you have to adjust if you moved from Rio de Janeiro to La Paz?
   The elevation (which is about 4,000 meters). 

4. See the feature on the next page. How might El Niño and La Niña affect societies of the dry Pacific coast over time?
   It would change the temperature and wind currents. Which will affect the societies shelters and food.

5. Create a chart like the one below. Use it to identify the climates, vegetation, and animal life of the three landform regions listed.
   Amazon River basin - Tropical humid, Rain forests, Anacondas, bats, jaguars, monkeys, etc.

   Plain Areas- Tropical wet and dry, dry forest or savannas, few animals.

   Andes- Highland, Rain forest, llamas, Andean condor.

SECTION 2-

1. What happened to the indigenous population following the arrival of Europeans in South America?
   It went down during the colonial period.

2. Where are the densely populated areas of South America? Which areas are thinly populated?
   The coasts and reach only a few hundred miles inland. The Southern American interior. 

3. How do you think the exchange of food products between the Old and New Worlds changed life in both places?
   It changed life between both places because bringing stuff from each world can cause a big difference in the environment. Such as once they get it, they start to use it.

4. What do the llaneros and rainforest peoples have in common?
   They each had to do with the old American western days.

5. Create a timeline like the one below. Use it to identify important periods and events in the history of South America.
   1494 - A treaty had divided South America between Spain and Portugal.
   1810-1830 - Spanish colonies of South America gained their independence.
   1966 - British Guiana became Guyana.
   1975 - Dutch Guiana became Suriname.
   Today - Countries of South America vary widely in their ethnic makeup.

SECTION 3-

1. What are some agricultural specialties of Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina?
   Brazil - Coffee
   Colombia - Coffee and flowers
   Chile - Fresh fruits and vegetables
   Argentina - Wheat and beef

2. How does Mercosur try to improve trade in South America?
   Expand trade, improve transportation, and reduce tariffs among member countries.

3. What push and pull factors are causing South American cities to grow? What is the result?
   Rural poverty and limited good land push people away. Better jobs and more exciting life pulls them in. Few find good jobs.

4. What challenges do many of South America's largest cities share?
   Violence, people are poor, high birthrates make development harder.

5. Create a graphic organizer like the one below. Use it to describe the main environmental and political issues facing South America. Also, describe the basic challenges facing the region as a whole.
   Environmental: - People are poor 
                         - Tensions are created
                         - Much of Amazon forest might disappear.
                         - Soil exhaustion 
   Political :         - Border disputes
                         - Violence
                         - Terrorism 
   

Chapter. 19 all sections

Section 1-

1. What are 4 physical features that influence what plants can grow in different places in the region?

   Dry plains, dry steam beds, grasslands, ground is bare rock and sand.

2. What are the region's 2 most precious natural resources?

   Oil and Water.

3. Which landforms in the region seem most favorable for human settlement? Which seem the least favorable? Why?
   The Middle East seems most favorable. Southwest Asia seems the least favorable because there are frequent earthquakes.

4. Why do parts of Saudi Arabia have high temperature variations?
   Because of subtropical high pressure with clear skies and little shade.

5. Afghanistan: Coastal plains- lies to Northeast

                      Interior plains- 500 - 4,000 meters of elevation
                      Major Rivers- Helmand River
                      Plateaus- 7,300 m
                      Mountains- Hindu Kush
   
    Iran:           Coastal plains- Coasts on the Persian Gulf
                      Interior plains- Shiraz, Bandar 'Abbas, Mashhad, 
                      Major Rivers- Diyala River
                      Plateaus- 5,671 m
                      Mountains- Zagros, Elburz, 
    
    Iraq:           Coastal plains- Coasts on the Persian Gulf
                      Interior plains- Baghdad, Mosul, Kuwait
                      Major Rivers- Tigris River, Euphrates River, 
                      Plateaus- 200 - 500 m
                      Mountains- None
    
    Saudi Arabia:Coastal plains- Socotra
                      Interior plains- Medina, Jidda, Mecca, 
                      Major Rivers- None
                      Plateaus- 200 - 2,000 m
                      Mountains- None

Section 2-

1. On what did the early cities of the Fertile Crescent depend for their growth?  In what way is farming today connected with the early history of the Fertile Crescent region?
   Wheat and Barley. It's connected because we still do it to this day.

2. Why will you find the Arabic language, Arabic place-names and Islam in places outside of Southwest Asia today?
   The diffusion of Arabic words.

3. Which ethnic group is mostly widely spread throughout the region? Which groups dominate Iran and Afghanistan? 
   Non-Arab. Cultural diversity. 

4. What major cultural feature is common throughout the region? What other cultural features could you use to further divide the Persian Gulf and interior Southwest Asia into more regions?
   Islam. Arabs.

5. Akkadians --> Persians ---> Mongols ----> Ottoman Turks --> British

Section 3-

1. In what ways does the water supply shape rural economic activity in the region?
   Oil and Gas Production

2. What are some ways in which traditional cultures and ways of life have been retained in the region's cities?
   Building materials, food products, and household supplies.

3. Which resource do you think is more important to the future of Southwest Asia- oil or water? Explain.
   Oil. Because Oil is a basic raw material for products like fertilizer . It is also good for trade.

4. How did the Taliban limit economic and educational opportunities for Afghan women? How do opportunities for women there compare to opportunities in other countries in the region?
   limited their school and barely get jobs. Women in other countries have more educational and economic opportunities. 

5. Afghanistan- Taliban came to power in the 1990s. They established strict laws.
    
    Iran- In 1979 a revolution toppled Iran's monarchy. A government dominated by ayatollahs came to power in Tehran.
   
    Iraq- Iraq was ruled by a dictator, Saddam Hussein, who used the country's oil revenues to build a large military. Iraq invaded Iran in 1980.

    Saudi Arabia- was in a special position in world affairs because of the oil wealth. It is the largest oil exporter. 

GGS Episode 2

GGS Episode 1

Pre-Colonial Keynote

Chp. 1 Sec. 1,2 & pg.22

SECTION 1-

1. What are examples of functional, formal, and perceptual regions?

   Example of Functional: A city transit system.

   Example of formal: The Sahel in Africa.

   Example of perceptual regions: "back home"

2. What six essential elements are used to organize the study of geography? 

• The World in Spatial Terms
• Places and Regions
• Physical Systems
• Human Systems
• Environment and Society
• The Uses of Geography

3. How is the study of human geography different from the study of physical geography?

   Human geography- the distribution and characteristics of the worlds people.

   Physical geography- focuses on Earth's natural environments.

4. What do you think a "geographical approach" to studying an issue might be?
   A geographical approach to studying an issue might be using the geographical tools to fix the issue. Like a map.

5. Create a graphic organizer like the one shown below. Use it to identify some of the jobs that geographers have.
   Jobs in geography: Catrographer, Geography teacher, Tourism, Travel and international sales.

SECTION 2-

1. What do the letters N, S, E, and W mean when they accompany labels for latitude and longitude?

• N= North
• S= South
• E= East
• W= West

2. What regional features are found on special maps at the beginning of each unit throughout this textbook?
   Climate, Precipitation, Population, And Economic

3. Why are population pyramids sometimes called age-structure diagrams?
   Population diagrams for countries like Russia, actually lose their shapes as a pyramid. The percentage of young people may be smaller there than in fast-growth countries.

4. What tools might geographers use to study a region's weather patterns?
   Radars, Local forecasts, and Satellites

5. Copy the chart below and use it to describe cylindrical, conic, and flat-plane map projections.

• Cylindrical- Designed as a cylinder that has been wrapped around the globe. The cylinder touches the globe only at the equator.
• Conic- Designed as a cone that has been placed over the globe. More accurate along the lines of latitude where it touches the globe.
• Flat-plane- Appear to touch the globe at one point. Useful for showing true direction for airplane pilots and ship navigators.

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW, PG. 22

Understanding the Main Ideas

1. What are two main branches in the study of geography?
   Human geography and Physical geography.

2. What six essential elements help us organize the study of geography?

• The World in Spatial Terms
• Places and Regions
• Physical Systems
• Human Systems
• Environment and Society
• The Uses of Geography

3. How are the three kinds of regions defined?

• Formal region- Has one or more common features that make it different from surrounding areas. 
• Functional region- Made up of different places that are linked together and function as a unit.
• Perceptual region- Regions that reflect human feelings and attitudes.

4. What are the advantages and disvantages of the three main map projections?

• Cylindrical- ADVANTAGE: Appear larger than they really are. DISADVANTAGE: Landmasses in lower latitudes may appear relatively smaller than they really are.
• Conic projections- ADVANTAGE: Useful for areas that have long east-west dimensions. DISADVANTAGE: retains almost true shapes and sizes of landmasses. 
• Flat-plane- ADVANTAGE: Useful for showing true direction for airplane pilots and ship navigators. DISADVANTAGE: Shows true area sizes but distorts shapes.

5. What are six kinds of special-purpose maps?